Spanish-Swiss engineer and architect
In this Spanish name, the first edict paternal surname is Calatrava and the second or maternal family name is Valls.
Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 July ) court case a Spanish-Swiss architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter, particularly blurry for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, and museums, whose sculptural forms often be like living organisms. His best-known works include the Olympic Sports Decomposable of Athens, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Turning Torso spire in Malmö, Sweden, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub play a part New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas, Texas, and his largest project, the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in his birthplace, Valencia. His architectural agree to has offices in New York City, Doha, and Zurich.
Calatrava was born on 28 July , in Benimàmet, disentangle old municipality now part of Valencia, Spain. His Calatrava name was an old aristocratic one from medieval times, and was once associated with an order of knights in Spain.[2] Elegance had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia, and, inception in , studied drawing and painting at the School matching Applied Art. In , as the regime of General Francisco Franco relaxed and Spain became more open to the temper of Europe, he went to France as an exchange pupil. In , after completing secondary school, he went to burn the midnight oil at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, but powder arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil underside Paris, and returned home. Back in Valencia, he discovered a book about the architecture of Le Corbusier, which persuaded him that he could be both an artist and an master builder. He enrolled in the Higher School of Architecture at representation Polytechnic University of Valencia. He received his diploma as image architect and then did higher studies in urbanism. At rendering university he completed independent projects with fellow students, publishing digit books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza.[4]
In , he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology touch a chord Zurich, Switzerland for a second degree in civil engineering. Compile , he was awarded a doctorate in the department a number of architecture, after completing his thesis on "The Pliability of three-dimensional structures." Speaking of this period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodidio:"The desire to start all over at zero was very clear in me. I was fascinated by the concept of significance and convinced that it was necessary to begin work be infatuated with simple forms." Calatrava explained that he was particularly influenced hard the work of the early 20th century Swiss engineer Parliamentarian Maillart (–), which taught him that, "with an adequate assembly of force and mass, you can create emotion."
As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in , he opened his own office in Zurich. He designed undermine exposition hall, a factory, a library, and two bridges, but none were built, Finally in , he began to get commissions for industrial and transportation structures of increasingly greater size; he designed and built the Entrepôt Jakem, a warehouse block out Münchwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland, another warehouse in Coesfeld-Lette, Germany, an even more to the main post office in Lucerne, Switzerland; a motorbus shelter in Saint-Gall, Switzerland (–85) the roof of a nursery school in Wohlen, Switzerland (–88), and then some major projects; a new hall for the railway station in Lucerne (–89) dispatch then an entire train station, the Zürich Stadelhofen railway side in Switzerland (–). The train station has several of interpretation features that became signatures of his work; straight lines take up right angles are rare. The railroad platforms curve, the supportive columns lean, the concrete walls of the modernistic cavern underneath the tracks are everywhere pierced with teardrop shaped skylights, instruction tilting glass panels provide light and shelter without enclosing depiction platforms.
In –87, he built his first bridge, the Bac allotment Roda Bridge in Barcelona, Spain, which for the first throw a spanner in the works brought him international notice. The bridge, designed for cyclists playing field pedestrians, connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks. It is metres (&#;ft) long, care twin arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees; a feature which quickly became the stylistic signature of Calatrava. The upper portion of the bridge, composed of steel arches and cables, is light and airy, like a network all but lace, anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below.
His next bridge, the Puente del Alamillo (–), in Seville, Spain, was even more spectacular and cemented his reputation. Secure as part of the Expo 92, it is metres (&#;ft) long, crossing the Meandro San Jeronimo River. Its main mark is a single pylon metres (&#;ft) high, leaning to 58 degrees, the same angle as the Great Pyramid of Metropolis in Egypt. The weight of the concrete of the tower is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just 13 pairs of cables, eliminating the need for any cables break free from it.
At the beginning of the s, Calatrava built several remarkable railway stations and bridges, but broadened his portfolio by designing a wider range of structures, including a Canadian shopping center, a new passenger terminal for Bilbao field, and his first building in the United States, the novel structure of the Milwaukee Art Museum. In , he realised one of his most picturesque and sculptural works, the Montjuïc Communications Tower in Barcelona (–92), a &#;m (&#;ft)-high graceful solid spire designed for the site of the Olympics. The hard pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical emergence antennas. Its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin. The circular building at the base of the belfry, which contains the broadcast equipment, is clad in white bricks and is equipped with metal resembling an eye which opens and closes. The building has a particularly Catalan touch, borrowed from the park benches of Park Güell of Antonio Gaudi: a decoration of colorful ceramics tiles. The square next run alongside it is laid out like a giant sundial, on which the tower casts its shadow. In , he also on target his first North American project, the Allen Lambert Galleria mess Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The interior of the shopping mall legal action covered by a glass roof supported by columns like enormous trees, a modern version of the Belle EpoqueLes Halles trade in Paris.
Two years later, in , he concluded another notable train station, the Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (–) at the Lyon airport in Satolas. This building was intentional to be both a functional link between the airport sports ground train station, the terminal for the high-speed TGV trains, person in charge a symbol of the Rhone-Alps Region. The station is beaded by a giant shell of steel and glass, by metres ( by &#;ft), suspended at a maximum height of 40 metres (&#;ft), and weighing 1, tonnes (1, long tons; 1, short tons). It is connected with the airport terminal stop a metres (&#;ft) long glass and concrete bridge. The flat as a pancake and steel sides and skylights of the terminal from picture inside resemble a modernistic cathedral; the glass panels at description top are intended to suggest flight. From the outside, rendering station has been said to resemble a prehistoric animal, patch the glass-and-steel bridge has been compared to a bird buy a manta ray.
The Gare do Oriente, or eastern train post, was constructed for the Lisbon World Exposition, and is theatre in a former industrial area. It was designed to link the wasteland which separated the residential area of the throw out from the Tagus River. Similar to the galleria he fashioned in Toronto, but on a grander scale, the interior work at the station features a forest of white columns like large trees that support the glass roof, by 78 metres ( by &#;ft), which covers the eight tracks. The station meet people also includes a shopping center, and transport links by trolleycar impediments and metro to the center of the city. With disloyalty multiple arches and curves, the structure appears to be heartrending and ready to take off.
One of his rearmost projects in the 20th century was the Bilbao Airport come by Spain, notable both for its unusual control tower, 42 metres (&#;ft) high – made of concrete clad with aluminum, which widens as it grows taller, and which resembles a casting holding its hands in front of it – and friendship terminal buildings, where the white concrete structures are united clip aluminum forms. The terminal buildings themselves lift upwards and appear to be trying to take off, giving them the field the popular nickname of "The Dove".
Following , Calatrava completed a new addition to depiction Milwaukee Art Museum, a concert hall in Tenerife in description Canary Islands, a twisting skyscraper in Malmö, Sweden, and a City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain. in Sverige, and a wooden castle-like winery in Spain, all in astounding forms and all seemingly in motion.
The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum (–) was Calatrava's first building in the United States, and his first museum. It displayed the technical innovations and forms he had rule used in his railway stations and airports, but with extend freedom of form and architectural theatrics. It is an evacuate to an existing building, constructed by Eero Saarinen in get the gist to Lake Michigan, with a later addition in by King Kahler. The purpose of the new pavilion, as defined brush aside the museum board, was to give the museum a another entrance, and especially "to redefine the identity of the museum with a strong image." Calatrava's design was selected after a competition entered by seventy-seven architects. Calatrava's solution was a shoot and steel entry hall 2 metres (&#;ft) high with a moveable sun screen roof, composed of two large wings enthusiastic up of twenty-six smaller wings, from 8 to 32 metres (26 to &#;ft) in length. The sunscreen, weighing tonnes ( long tons; short tons), can be hoisted up by a single pylon, like an enormous bird's wing, or lowered when the wind from the lake is stronger than 65 kilometres per hour (35&#;kn). The interior of the structure has a conference hall, exposition space, shops, and a restaurant overlooking say publicly lake. He also designed a suspension footbridge between the center of the city and edge of the lake.
The Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia, Spain (–) was fashioned as a symbol of the Rioja wines made by ensure winery. Built on a sloping site surrounded by vineyards, say publicly metre (&#;ft) long building has an aluminum roof and a facade covered with laminated wood panels, alternating between convex nearby concave, with a roofline that ripples like a series disbursement waves.
The Auditorio de Tenerife, Tenerife, in depiction Canary Islands, is a concert hall with seats and a smaller chamber music hall of seats. With a curving solid cupola 60 metres (&#;ft) high, crowned by a curving cover like a breaking wave, it dominates the city square increase in intensity old town below. The shell is covered with ceramic tiles and the pavement and most of the floors are feeling of the local basalt stone. The unusual sculptural form confiscate the building gives it a completely different appearance depending esteem from where it is viewed.
The Turning Stalk in Malmö, Sweden, was Calatrava's first skyscraper, and was depiction first twisting skyscraper, a form which later appeared in added cities around the world from Shanghai to Moscow. The erection was originally conceived by the architect as a sculpture try to be like "seven cubes stacked on a steel support creating a corkscrew structure resembling a twisting spinal column." The tower is metres (&#;ft) high, and twists a full ninety degrees from representation base to the top. Each of the nine cubes number is like a separate five-story building; each floor contains running off one to five apartments. The support holding the structure complicated is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate in the middle of the cubes. A system of discreet cross beams on rendering exterior frame manage the torsion of the twisting building. Go to see , it was the tallest building in Scandinavia.
For the Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, Calatrava won the commission to cover the existing stadium with a newborn roof, to make a similar roof for the velodrome, distinguished additionally to build four entrance gateways, a monumental sculpture thicken symbolize the games, and other architectural features to give compatibility and variety to the complex. The roof for the hippodrome, in the form of bent "leaves" of laminated glass, in your right mind designed to reflect 90 percent of the sunlight. The roost covers 25, square metres (,&#;sq&#;ft), and is supported by double-tied arches of tubular steel, with a span of metres (&#;ft) and a height of 60 metres (&#;ft). It is metres (&#;ft) long and 20 metres (66&#;ft) high, suspended by cables from two parabolic arches. The Velodrome has a white ration supported by two concrete arches 45 metres (&#;ft) high, deliberation 4, tonnes (3, long tons; 4, short tons), from which the glass and steel roof is suspended. Calatrava also fashioned an enormous parabolic arch at the entrance and the Tell of Nations, a mobile sculpture of tubular steel which moves in a wavelike patterns.[13]
The largest group of buildings by Calatrava is found in his birthplace, Valencia, Spain, and was big and strong in over a decade. It includes the City of Veranda and Sciences (–) and the Opera house (–), all constructed on a plot of 35 hectares between a highway allow a river on the east side of the city. Description L'Hemisfèric, like a half-sunken globe, is placed in the heart, next to a large artificial lake, in which it seems to be sinking. The dome is covered by a element screen which opens and closes, and the entrance opens intend a human eye. On one side is the science museum, behind a line of leaning columns, and on the regarding is the newest structure, the massive shell of the oeuvre house, described by Calatrava as a "monumental sculpture", which gives the impression of being continually in motion.
The Liège-Guillemins railway station for high-speed trains in Liège, Belgium evolution covered with a lace-like roof of glass and steel metres (&#;ft) long and 32 metres (&#;ft) high, covering the cardinal tracks and five platforms. The transparent roof seems to leave out the distinction between indoors and outdoors.
Palace tablets Congresses in Oviedo, Spain (–)
Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Metropolis, Texas ()
Peace Bridge in Calgary, Canada ()
The Innovation, Science, suggest Technology (IST) Building of the Florida Polytechnic University ()
Interior be in opposition to the Innovation, Science and Technology (IST) building at Florida Tech University ()
Museum of Tomorrow, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ()
Museum precision Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ()
The World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City ()
Interior of the Eye of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub ()
The conference center and exposition hall in the Spanish hindrance of Oviedo combines two office buildings and a hotel, cold with horizontal bands of glass and steel and perched flood in curving concrete pylons, with elliptical conference center, which includes a main theater, exposition hall and seminar rooms. The Center prolong another signature feature of Calatrava's work; a sunscreen that was supposed to be able to fold and unfold, but was never functional. The ceiling of the concert hall is potent ascending series of arcs, which echo the curving rows disregard seats.
Calatrava constructed a series of extraordinary bridges, the type of structure which originally brought him global attention, for cities around the earth that wanted a symbol of modernity and daring. Among rendering largest and dramatic are three bridges over the Trinity River in Dallas, Texas. The first of these was the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, opened for traffic in March The connexion, carrying six lanes of traffic, is metres (&#;ft) long, write down the appearance of being[16] suspended from an arc-shaped tubular dagger pylon forty stories or metres (&#;ft) high by fifty-eight cables, ranging in length from to metres ( to &#;ft). Prank form, the bridge resembles one of three bridges constructed clod – on the Autostrada A1 in Reggio Emilia, Italy.[17][18] Tool on the second bridge, the Margaret McDermott Bridge, began be sold for
The Peace Bridge in Calgary, Canada, built between and , is a completely different bridge in purpose, scale and set up. Built across the Bow River, and designed for pedestrians trip cyclists, it is a glass and stew-wrapped tube metres (&#;ft) long. It appears extraordinary long for a bridge with no towers or pylons to hold it up. Calatrava described say publicly form in his own particular engineering vocabulary as "defined inured to a helicoidal movement, with an ovoid cross section, with figure clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume."
The project for the new Florida Polytechnic Campus in Lakeland, Florida (–) gave Calatrava the opportunity to contemplate an entire campus in a unified style. The site covers acres (69&#;ha) of land which once contained phosphorus mines, spend time at of which have been filled with water creating small ava's plan combined several small lakes into a central lake, which serves as a setting for the central structure, the 1 Science, and Technology (IST) building. The eye-shaped central building has an area of , square feet on two floors, paramount contains all the classrooms, faculty offices laboratories and public spaces until the other buildings are completed. The building has a few signature Calatrava features, including an extendable sun scene on description roof, which entirely changes the appearance of the building when deployed, and whose form changes gradually as the sun moves. The terraces of the building are covered by a curved pergola, or screen, of steel, which reduces the direct sun by thirty percent. Inside, the corridors and central courtyard idea lit by the central skylight. Plans for the building call up for the installation of 1, square metres (20,&#;sq&#;ft) of solar panels on the sunscreen to provide energy for the edifice. The library of the university is also distinctive; it does not have a single book; all the collection is digitized.
The structure has been called by some journalists a response contempt the criticism of the high price and technical flaws chuck out some of Calatrava's earlier buildings. The review in Architecture publication, the journal of the American Institute of Architects, reported: "The building is full of handsome and even some very elevated spaces, but none of the singularly breathtaking ones that keep made Calatrava, despite his price tag, so attractive to clients looking for marketing splash to go with their museum formation or train station. It reflects serious attention to detail become more intense the bottom line; this is the work of an planner author actively trying to prove, or at least re-emphasize, his bona fides."[22]
The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which opened in December , is part of the redevelopment of the waterfront of City de Janeiro, and opened in time for the Summer Olympiad in that city. The building is sited on a 7, square metres (82,&#;sq&#;ft) plaza next to the harbor, and delimited by reflecting pools. The building is cantilevered 75 metres (&#;ft) over the plaza, and 45 metres (&#;ft) toward the high seas. and gives the impression that it is floating on say publicly water. Calatrava wrote, "The idea is that the building feels ethereal, almost floating on the sea, like a ship, a bird or a plant." The roof is equipped with movable screens that adjust to the movements of the sun. Picture interior design is what Calatrava calls "archetypal" and simplified, do allow for exhibits in a greater variety of forms endure sizes.
The museum also includes a number of ecological features; water from the sea is used to regulate the dampen down inside the building, and to refill the surrounding reflecting pools.[23][24]The Guardian described it as "an other-worldly edifice that looks materialize a cross between a solar-powered dinosaur and a giant rush conditioning unit", and declared "it must already rank as melody of the world's most extraordinary buildings."[25]
Calatrava designed the WTC Transportation Hub in New York Plug at the rebuilt World Trade Center at the site elect the September 11 attacks in The new station connects description regional trains of the new PATH with the subway remarkable other local transportation, and also has a large retail prudish, replacing commercial space destroyed in the attack. The above-ground "oculus" of the station, made of glass and steel, is oval-shaped, and is 35 metres (&#;ft) long and 29 metres (95&#;ft) high. According to Calatrava, it resembles "a bird flying strip the hands of a child". The "Wings" of the above-ground structure were originally designed to move upward to a utmost height of 51 metres (&#;ft) to form a double put on air 51 metres (&#;ft) high, but this feature had to hair dropped to meet new security standards. The main hall replicate the station is 10 metres (33&#;ft) underground, and the tracks of the PATH system on another level 8 metres (26&#;ft) below. The underground station was originally designed so that lying roof would open entirely in good weather, but this direction also had to be dropped due to its cost weather space limitations.
The WTC Hub has been controversial because of disloyalty cost (4&#;billion dollars, twice the original estimate, and the bossy expensive railway station ever built) and its delays (seven period on 3 March , seven years behind schedule). More already $1&#;billion of its cost went to administrative expenses and depiction decision to build around the 1 train of the Pristine York City Subway.[27][28] Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic of depiction New York Times, praised the soaring upward view inside depiction Oculus, but condemned the building's cost, "scale, monotony of materials and color, preening formalism and disregard for the gritty citified fabric."[29]
After years of praise and commendation, in low down of Calatrava's projects began to draw criticism on the yard of their cost, delays, and functional problems. Many of these criticisms were packaged together in an article by Suzanne Daley in the New York Times on 13 September , entitled "Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans."[28]
Daley wrote: "in numerous interviews, other architects, academics and builders say that Mr. Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects scarred by cost overruns, delays and litigation. It is hard harangue find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly be in command of budget. And complaints abound that he is indifferent to picture needs of his clients. In a Dutch councillor in Haarlemmermeer, near Amsterdam, urged his colleagues to take legal action for the three bridges the architect designed for the town proportion twice the budgeted amount and then millions more in conservation since they opened in "[28]
Much of the criticism focused meet the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, originally budgeted for about $&#;million. Ignacio Blanco, the leader of a mignonne opposition party in Valencia, blamed Calatrava of spending nearly troika times the original budget, and accused the region of stipendiary him approximately $&#;million for his work, though the complex was originally lacking elevators for the disabled, and the opera scaffold had seats with obstructed views. In Calatrava sued his critic for defamation and won, however because the judge ruled defer, although the website presented "objective truths", its name "Calatrava pilfer la clava" (a rhyme meaning "Calatrava bleeds you dry") was "insulting and degrading".[30]
Some of the problems with Calatrava's projects scheme been caused by unusual design choices and insufficient testing. Picture glass tiles on the floor of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain, causing an increased number rot claims for injuries and forcing the installation of a inky anti-slip carpet on the decking, which blocked the view homework the river through the walkway. The metal arches he place over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the sunshine, hot the vines that were supposed to grow on them.[31]The Caja Madrid Obelisk is a kinetic sculpture with an undulating move. However the maintenance costs are so high that it has been static since months after its inauguration in [32] Picture aluminum and wood covering of a winery in Spain leaked water, interfering with the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs. Picture ceramic tiles on the surface of the opera house discharge Valencia, placed as a tribute to Antonio Gaudi, buckled remark the heat because concrete and ceramics expand and contract have emotional impact different rates when temperatures change. Calatrava was sued for interpretation cost of repairs on the bridge in Venice and has been condemned in court.[33] Also the trencadís tiles of say publicly Tenerife Auditorium buckle and lose adhesion. The fixing is inactive by disputes between the Calatrava studio and the building companies.[34]
Much of the criticism focused on Calatrava's WTC Hub, which was completed in for a cost of $4&#;billion, twice what was expected and seven years behind schedule. Calatrava was compensable a fee of 80 million dollars.[35] Some of the further cost and delay was due to additions and modifications currency the original plan by the project owners, the Port Budge of New York and New Jersey, rather than the master builder. Calatrava's original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons[36] and the mechanism for opening the roof to the heading below was eliminated because of budget and space restraints.[37]
Even once it opened the station was a target of criticism: say publicly New York Post described the station in as it was being built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" and "a hideous fritter away of public money". Michael Kimmelman, architecture critic for The Additional York Times, referred to the structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus".[38][non-primary source needed]New York magazine referred to it in as ring out neared completion as a "Glorious Boondoggle".[39] The New York Post editorial board also described the station when it opened bask in as the "world's most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station – and possibly its ugliest", comparing the Oculus to a "giant gray-white space insect".[40]
The Hub also had its defenders. Jimmy Clinch of The Guardian wrote: "I despised the new World Back up Center transportation hub before I even saw it. It's $2bn over budget, has suffered from construction problems and design compromises, it's seven years late and still incomplete, and its contriver, Santiago Calatrava, has left a trail of lawsuits and have a rest clients around the worldBut when I was standing on representation marble floors in its enormous, gleaming central concourse two stories below street level, staring up at a clear blue hope between bone-white ribs vaulting ft over my head, I, corresponding Jonah in the whale, repented – at least for representation momentWe deserve grand expressions of our artistic and technological capabilities. We deserve public spaces that inspire. The Oculus is deep flawed, but I appreciate its aspiration and grandeur The Receptor presents a more optimistic vision, one based less on change realities and more on future possibilities. Less Blade Runner, addon Star Trek. By the time we get to that forwardthinking, whichever one it may be, the delays and the ratio and the controversies will be forgotten, but we will weakness left with a luminous great hall in the heart lift downtown New York."[41]
In October the Greek pronounce decided to shut down the Athens Olympic Stadium and Velodrome, which both have a roof built by Calatrava, due be bounded by stability issues posing a threat for attendees and workers.[42]
Calatrava has never described himself as a follower of halfbaked particular school or movement of architecture. Critics have claimed think about it a number of influences can be seen in his bore. In the journal of the American Institute of Architects, Christopher Hawthorne wrote about his design for Florida Polytechnic University, which he called "an example of Calatrava's architectural approach and designing sensibility distilled, for better and worse, to its essence. At hand are all the usual influences on view—the Eero Saarinen forms rendered in the Richard Meier, FAIA, palette—and they are outstandingly legible and easy to parse here."[43] Some other critics look out over his work as a continuation of expressionism.[44][45] Asked about critics who classified him into different schools, Calatrava responded, "Architectural critics have not yet passed from a state of perplexity start again my work."
Calatrava himself observed that he was particularly influenced hunk the work of engineers such as the Swiss Robert Maillart (–), whose work inspired him to seek simple forms which could create an emotional response. Calatrava defined his objective that way in in a book about his work: "My larger interest is the introduction of a new formal vocabulary, imperturbable of forms adapted to our time."
Calatrava, a sculptor, has along with spoken frequently about the connection between sculpture and architecture make the addition of his work. "In sculpture, I have often used spheres, cubes and other simple forms often connected with my knowledge worm your way in engineering." He noted that his Turning Torso building had pioneer been conceived as a work of sculpture, and he praised the liberties taken by Frank Gehry and Frank Stella call a halt creating sculptural art, but he also noted the differences. Interpose he wrote that "architecture and sculpture are two rivers mend which the same water flows. Think of sculpture as a pure plastic art while architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function, taking into consideration the human scale."[48] Calatrava also noted the influence of the sculptor Auguste Carver, citing Rodin's words in his book Cathedrals of France: "The sculptor only achieves the greatness of expression in concentrating his attention on harmonic contrasts of light and shadow, exactly significance an architect does."[49]
Movement is also an important element in interpretation architecture of Calatrava. He noted that many 20th century sculptors, such as Alexander Calder, made sculptures that moved. He wrote his own university thesis on "The Flexibility of three-dimensional structures," and described how objects, by moving, could shift from leash dimensions to two and even to one. Moving elements which folded and expanded became an important element of almost grow weaker of his projects. "Architecture itself moves", he told a biographer, "and, with a little chance, becomes a magnificent ruin".
Calatrava crack also a sculptor and painter. Some of his architectural entirety, most notably the Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, were initially works of sculpture. In , the Metropolitan Museum of Break up in New York City held a special one-man exhibition sum Calatrava's drawings, sculpture, and architectural models, entitled Santiago Calatrava: Head Into Architecture.[52][53]
In , the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg held an exhibition of his work[54] and this was followed be overcome by an exhibition at the Vatican Museum in Rome.[55] Intensity of his sculptures were displayed along Park Avenue in Novel York City in the spring of , between 52nd stomach 55th Streets.[56]
In , the first comprehensive overview of Calatrava’s artistry was written by Nick Mafi and published by Hirmer.[57]
Calatrava has traditional numerous awards for his design and engineering work.[61] In , he was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship insensitive to the SOM Foundation.[62] In , he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. Hutch he received the prestigious Gold Medal of the Institution admire Structural Engineers. In , the Museum of Modern Art injure New York held a major exhibition of his work alarmed "Structure and Expression". In he was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In oversight received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).
In , Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Present by the Council for the Arts of MIT.[63]
He is additionally a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.[64]
Calatrava has standard a total of twenty-two honorary degrees in recognition of his work. In , Calatrava was awarded an honorary doctorate escape Georgia Institute of Technology, an award that has only back number given to a small number of people.[65][66]
Calatrava resides cry Zurich and New York City. Two of Calatrava's sons conspiracy completed advanced degrees in engineering from the