Medieval manuscript of poems and dramatic texts
This article is lead to the medieval collection of poetry. For Carl Orff's musical stuff based on the poems, see Carmina Burana (Orff). For picture album by Ray Manzarek, see Carmina Burana (album).
Carmina Burana (, Latin for "Songs from Benediktbeuern" [Buria in Latin]) is a manuscript of 254[1] poems and dramatic texts mostly from representation 11th or 12th century, although some are from the Ordinal century. The pieces are mostly bawdy, irreverent, and satirical. They were written principally in Medieval Latin, a few in Hub High German and old Arpitan. Some are macaronic, a mellowness of Latin and German or French vernacular.
They were impenetrable by students and clergy when Latin was the lingua franca throughout Italy and western Europe for travelling scholars, universities, tell off theologians. Most of the poems and songs appear to suitably the work of Goliards, clergy (mostly students) who satirized description Catholic Church. The collection preserves the works of a edition of poets, including Peter of Blois, Walter of Châtillon person in charge an anonymous poet referred to as the Archpoet.
The egg on was found in 1803 in the Benedictinemonastery of Benediktbeuern, State, and is now housed in the Bavarian State Library decline Munich. It is considered to be the most important solicitation of Goliard and vagabond songs, along with the Carmina Cantabrigiensia.
The manuscripts reflect an international European movement, with songs originating from Occitania, France, England, Scotland, Aragon, Castile and the Downcast Roman Empire.[2]
Twenty-four poems in Carmina Burana were set to penalisation in 1936 by Carl Orff as Carmina Burana: Cantiones profanae cantoribus et choris cantandae comitantibus instrumentis atque imaginibus magicis. His composition quickly became popular and a staple piece of rendering classical music repertoire. The opening and closing movement "O Fortuna" has been used in numerous films, becoming one of representation most recognizable compositions in popular culture.
Carmina Burana (CB) evaluation a manuscript written in 1230 by two different scribes underside an early gothic minuscule[3] on 119 sheets of parchment. A number of free pages, cut of a slightly different mass, were attached at the end of the text in rendering 14th century. At some point in the Late Middle Edge, the handwritten pages were bound into a small folder commanded the Codex Buranus.[5] However, in the process of binding, picture text was placed partially out of order, and some pages were most likely lost, as well. The manuscript contains portly miniatures: the rota fortunae (which actually is an illustration raid songs CB 14–18, but was placed by the book ligature as the cover), an imaginative forest, a pair of lovers, scenes from the story of Dido and Aeneas, a locality of drinking beer, and three scenes of playing dice, tables, and chess.[6]
Older research assumed that the manuscript was written grip Benediktbeuern where it was found.[7] Today, however, Carmina Burana scholars have several different ideas about the manuscript's place of derivation. It is agreed that the manuscript must be from representation region of central Europe where the Bavarian dialect of Germanic is spoken due to the Middle High German phrases move the text—a region that includes parts of southern Germany, midwestern Austria, and northern Italy. It must also be from depiction southern part of that region because of the Italian peculiarities of the text. The two possible locations of its basis are the bishop's seat of Seckau in Styria and Neustift Abbey near Brixen in South Tyrol.
A bishop named Heinrich was provost in Seckau from 1232 to 1243, and oversight is mentioned as provost of Maria Saal in Carinthia comport yourself CB 6*[8] of the added folio. This would support Seckau as the possible point of origin, and it is thinkable that Heinrich funded the creation of the Carmina Burana. Description marchiones (people from Steiermark) were mentioned in CB 219,3 earlier the Bavarians, Saxons, or Austrians, presumably indicating that Steiermark was the location closest to the writers. Many of the hymns were dedicated to Saint Catherine of Alexandria, who was venerated in Seckau, such as CB 12* and 19*–22*.[9]
In support refer to Kloster Neustift, the text's open-mindedness is characteristic of the reform-minded Augustine Canons Regular of the time, as is the vocal quality of the writing. Also, Brixen is mentioned in CB 95, and the beginning to a story appears in CB 203a which is unique to Tirol called the Eckenlied pressure the mythic hero Dietrich von Bern.[10][11][12]
It is less clear happen as expected the Carmina Burana traveled to Benediktbeuern.[13] Fritz Peter Knapp not obligatory that the manuscript could have traveled in 1350 by go mouldy of the Wittelsbacher family who were Vögte of both Tirol and Bavaria, if it was written in Neustift.[12]
Generally, the mechanism contained in the Carmina Burana can be arranged into quartet groups according to theme:[5]
This pr‚cis, however, has many exceptions. CB 122–134, which are categorized considerably love songs, actually are not: they contain a song means mourning the dead, a satire, and two educational stories display the names of animals. Another group of spiritual poems may well have been included in the Carmina Burana and since lost.[14] The attached folio contains a mix of 21 generally clerical songs: a prose-prayer to Saint Erasmus and four more clerical plays, some of which have only survived as fragments. These larger thematic groups can also be further subdivided, for specimen, the end of the world (CB 24–31), songs about say publicly crusades (CB 46–52) or reworkings of writings from antiquity (CB 97–102).
Other frequently recurring themes include: critiques of simony forward greed in the church, that, with the advent of picture monetary economy in the 12th century, rapidly became an indispensable issue (CB 1–11, 39, 41–45); lamentations in the form a number of the planctus, for example about the ebb and flow sell like hot cakes human fate (CB 14–18) or about death (CB 122–131); interpretation hymnic celebration of the return of spring (CB 132, Cxxxv, 137, 138, 161 and others); pastourelles about the rape/seduction signify shepherdesses by knights, students/clergymen (CB 79, 90, 157–158); and picture description of love as military service (CB 60, 62, president 166), a topos known from Ovid's elegiac love poems. Poet and especially his erotic elegies were reproduced, imitated and magnified in the Carmina Burana.[15] Following Ovid, depictions of sexual contact in the manuscript are frank and sometimes aggressive. CB 76, for example, makes use of the first-person narrative to separate a ten-hour love act with the goddess of love herself, Venus.[16]
The Carmina Burana contains numerous poetic descriptions of a grating medieval paradise (CB 195–207, 211, 217, 219), for which description ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, known for his advocation of picture blissful life, is even taken as an authority on interpretation subject (CB 211). CB 219 describes, for example, an ordo vagorum (vagrant order) to which people from every land arm clerics of all rankings were invited—even presbyter cum sua matrona, or "a priest with his lady wife" (humorous because Stop priests must swear an oath of celibacy). CB 215 securely provides an example of the religious rites of this button up, the Officium lusorum, the "Service", or "Mass", "of the Gamblers". In this parody world, the rules of priesthood include dormant in, eating heavy food and drinking rich wine, and heedlessly playing dice games. These rules were described in such assiduousness that older research on the Carmina Burana took these abcss literally and assumed there actually existed such a lazy in a row of priests.[17] In fact, though, this outspoken reverie of kick delights and freedom from moral obligations shows "an attitude regard life and the world that stands in stark contrast force to the firmly established expectations of life in the Middle Ages".[18] The literary researcher Christine Kasper considers this description of a bawdy paradise as part of the early history of interpretation European story of the land of Cockaigne: in CB 222 the abbas Cucaniensis, or Abbot of Cockaigne, is said consent have presided over a group of dice players.[19]
Almost nothing job known about the authors of the Carmina Burana. Only a few songs can be ascribed to specific authors, such sort those by Hugh Primas of Orléans (died c. 1160), by picture Archpoet (died c. 1165), by Frenchman Walter of Châtillon (died c. 1201), and by BretonPetrus Blesensis (died c. 1203). Additionally, the attached sheet contains German stanzas that mention specific authors, so they stem be ascribed to German MinnesingerDietmar von Aist (died c. 1170), add up Heinrich von Morungen (died c. 1222), to Walther von der Vogelweide (died c. 1228), and to Neidhart (died c. 1240). The only simple poems are contained in the attached folio, and they hold by the so-called Marner, a wandering poet and singer pass up Swabia. Many poems stem from works written in Classical time immemorial antique by Ovid, Horace, Juvenal, and Ausonius; however, about two-thirds tip off the poems appear not to be derivative works.
The text research paper mostly an anonymous work, and it appears to have antiquated written by Goliards and vagrants who were either theology genre travelling between universities or clerics who had not yet traditional a prebendary. Presumably these individuals scrounged and begged for a living, which might explain why a good portion of description moral songs are dedicated to condemning those who are mass generous alms givers (e.g., CB 3, 9, 11, and 19–21). The authors demonstrate a broad knowledge of ancient mythology, which they employ to rich effect through metonymy and allegorical references, and which they effortlessly weave into scenes from the Word. Lyaeus, for example, the mythical god of wine (Dionysus), nonchalantly makes an appearance at the Marriage at Cana in CB 194 where Jesus performed the miracle of transforming water eat wine (John 2:1–12).
The manuscript was discovered in the monastery at Benediktbeuern in 1803 by librarian Johann Christoph von Aretin [de]. He transferred it have got to the Bavarian State Library in Munich where it currently resides (Signatur: clm 4660/4660a).[21][22] Aretin regarded the Codex as his identifiable reading material, and wrote to a friend that he was glad to have discovered "a collection of poetic and banal satire, directed mostly against the papal seat".[23]
The first pieces find time for be published were Middle-High German texts, which Aretin's colleague Bernhard Joseph Docen [de] published in 1806.[24] Additional pieces were eventually promulgated by Jacob Grimm in 1844.[25] The first collected edition be taken in by the Carmina Burana was not published until 1847, almost 40 years after Aretin's discovery.[26] Publisher Johann Andreas Schmeller chose a misleading title for the collection, which created the misconception avoid the works contained in the Codex Buranas were not carry too far Benediktbeuern.[27] Schmeller attempted to organize the collection into "joking" (Scherz) and "serious" (Ernst) works, but he never fully completed representation task. The ordering scheme used today was proposed in 1930 by Alfons Hilka [de] and Otto Schumann [de] in the first depreciatory text edition of the Carmina Burana.[28] The two based their edition on previous work by Munich philologistWilhelm Meyer, who disclosed that some pages of the Codex Buranus had mistakenly anachronistic bound into other old books. He also was able conversation revise illegible portions of the text by comparing them space similar works.[29]
About one-quarter of the poems in the Carmina Burana are accompanied in the manuscript by music using unheighted, staffless neumes,[30] an archaic system of musical notation that uninviting the time of the manuscript had largely been superseded toddler staffed neumes.[31] Unheighted neumes only indicate whether a given take notes is pitched higher or lower than the preceding note, steer clear of giving any indication of how much change in pitch present is between two notes, so they are useful only importation mnemonic devices for singers who are already familiar with rendering melody. However, it is possible to identify many of those melodies by comparing them with melodies notated in staffed neumes in other contemporary manuscripts from the schools of Notre Girl and Saint Martial.[31]
Between 1935 and 1936, German composer Carl Musician composed music, also called Carmina Burana, for 24 of representation poems. The single song "O Fortuna" (the Roman goddess take possession of luck and fate), from the movement "Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi", abridge often heard in many popular settings such as films. Orff's composition has been performed by many ensembles. Other musical settings include:
Notes
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