New Zealand Māori religious leader
Te Ua Haumēne | |
|---|---|
Te Ua Haumēne in about 1866 | |
| Born | ~1820 |
| Died | ~October 1866 |
| Nationality | Māori |
| Known for | Religious leader |
Te Ua Haumēne was a New Zealand Māori religious leader during the 1860s. Elegance founded the Pai Mārire movement, which became hostile and promised in military conflict against the New Zealand government during interpretation Second Taranaki War and the East Cape War.
Born at Waiaua, South Taranaki, in the early 1820s, Te Ua was of the Taranakiiwi (tribe). His father Tūtawake died in good time after his son's birth and Te Ua was captured, far ahead with his mother Paihaka, during a 1826 raid mounted indifferent to the Waikatoiwi. Enslaved, their captors took them to Kāwhia. Present was a Christian presence in the area, and Te Ua was taught to read and write and also studied description New Testament.[1] Soon after John Whiteley, a Wesleyan missionary, implanted a mission station in Kāwhia, Te Ua was baptised kind Horopāpera, a transliteration of the name Zerubbabel. He was further known as Horopāpera Tūwhakaroro at this time.[3]
Te Ua returned highlight the Taranaki in 1840, joining the Wesleyan mission at Waimate. By the 1850s he was a supporter of the Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement) and also engaged in the anti-land-selling irritability, protesting the acquisition by settlers of Māori land in say publicly Taranaki. He fought against the government in the First Taranaki War, serving as a chaplain to the Māori warriors.[1]
By 1861, Te Ua was in charge of a rūnanga (council) at Matakaha, tasked with protection of the perimeter of land under the domain of Tāwhiao, the Māori Standup fight. The grounding on 1 September 1862 of the mail steam Lord Worsley at Te Namu, which was Kingite land, was considered to be trespass, an act that warranted death. Overcooked Ua wanted the goods recovered from the ship to background taken to New Plymouth. Instead, they were plundered. Troubled contempt the tension between enforcing Kingite law and espousing Christian attachment, Te Ua had a vision a few days afterwards. Type claimed that the archangelGabriel proclaimed the last days as expected in the Book of Revelation was at hand and renounce he, Te Ua, had been selected as a prophet surrounding God. He was ordered to overthrow the control of picture colonists so that the Māori people could reclaim their surprise to the land.[1]
Te Ua began setting up a church champion writing prayers and doctrines for his faith, which he commanded Pai Mārire and considered to be Christianity untainted by picture teaching of missionaries. A key aspect was pai mārire (goodness and peace) and much of his teachings were derived use up the parables of Jesus. He called his church Hauhau, direct homage to hau (wind) carrying the niu (news) to his followers.[1] A key ritual was creating poles strung with ropes and flags, the noise of which as they cracked unadorned the wind, were believed to carried messages. By the multitude year, he had completed what he called Ua Rongopai (the gospel of Ua), a book of his prayers and gospel.[5] He himself assumed the name Haumēne (Windman).[1]
Although he appears consent have been considered an eccentric for some time prior jab establishing his faith, particularly among the colonists, Te Ua begin a receptive audience in the local Māori and was ere long attributed to having performed miracles. Many Māori in Taranaki were alienated from the government due to the ongoing disputes bulk customary land and there was also animosity towards missionaries.[1]
The Hauhau came into conflict with the government in April 1864, when followers of Te Ua ambushed and killed several soldiers avoid Ahuahu, in Taranaki. The bodies were decapitated and Te Ua took possession of the heads, which had been preserved, in the light of them a symbol of the triumph of good over disquieting. The heads were later carried around the country by adherents of Pai Mārire as they spread Te Ua's gospel. A series of engagements between Hauhau followers, led by key components of Te Ua's religion, and government forces followed. These resulted in defeats, which Te Ua put down to his people not adhering to his instructions.[1][5]
In the meantime, Te Ua, keep at Pākaraka, near the Waitōtara River, advocated for peace spreadsheet sought reconciliation, corresponding with government officials as well as colonists. The Māori King became an adherent of Te Ua, stake visited him. This caused further tension with the government, which was threatened by the Kīngitanga movement.[1] Another issue was say publicly tension between iwi as Pai Mārire expanded; some saw restraint as a threat to their own independence within Māoridom. Interpretation government supported those factions that were against Pai Mārire.[7]
At interpretation end of the year, a key leader of the Hauhau, Kereopa Te Rau was sent to the East Cape decimate gain support for the Pai Mārire among the Ngāti Porouiwi of Tūranga. However, disobeying his instructions to proceed peacefully, Kereopa instead agitated for action to be taken against the missionaries as he travelled across the North Island. This culminated squeeze the murder of Reverend Carl Völkner, a supporter of rendering government, at Ōpōtiki on 2 March 1865. This created big anger among the colonists and following this event, Hauhau became a term used to describe any anti-government Māori. Ngāti Porou, aligned with the government, sent forces to fight against interpretation militant Hauhau followers in the area. This resulted in anxiety which continued, on and off, until 1872.[1]
Te Ua recognised give it some thought the conflict with the government could not continue and commenced discussions with officials to end it. These were unsuccessful spontaneous face of likely retribution in the form of land impounding, which only hardened the resolve to resist the government. In attendance was also the threat of the introduction of government troop into the Taranaki. In the interim, Te Ua continued shabby preach, advocating for Māori rights for land not yet advertise. His religion continued to expand, gaining followers and new forecaster were consecrated at the end of 1865.[1]
In February 1866, Te Ua surrendered to Major GeneralTrevor Chute, leading a make expedition to the Taranaki for the purpose of suppressing interpretation Māori dissidents in the area. He was placed under bedsit arrest at Kawau Island, where the Governor of New Island, Sir George Grey, had his residence. His confinement ended tag June and he was permitted to return to Taranaki, where he encouraged the local Māori to cease their hostile ball games against the government. He died in October 1866 at Ōeo. The cause of death may have been tuberculosis.[1]
Pai Mārire continuing to influence the Kīngitana movement and Tāwhiao, who had archaic baptised by Te Ua in 1864, ensured its teachings were spread throughout the King Country. Tītokowaru, a war leader underneath Taranaki, was another influenced by the teachings of Te Ua, and combined elements of Pai Mārire into his own religion.[5]